लेख

Participatory Approaches to Transboundary Water Governance in Ganga-Karnali-Ghaghara River Basin

Author : अब्राहम सैमुएल और के जे जॉय

INTRODUCTION

GANGA-KARNALI-GHAGHARA BASIN

PRINCIPLES GOVERNING INTERNATIONAL TREATIES

Major Treaties and Declarations include:

INDIA-NEPAL TREATY ON KARNALI-GHAGHARA BASIN

1. ‘Sarda Barrage Letter of Exchange
2. Mahakali Treaty, 1996:
3. GMR-Nepal Treaty 2014:

• Both these agreements are mired in controversy and largely perceived by a large section in Nepal as insensitive to its genuine needs and requirements.

• Many of the critical issues like water and energy security of the riparian communities, hazards (such as floods), pollution, etc., have not been part of the understanding around transboundary water sharing between India and Nepal.

• Since local communities are not involved, local knowledge and experience, issues, perceptions and aspirations never enter the transboudary water sharing arrangements.

INDIA-BANGLADESH TREATY ON GANGA

Ganges Teaty 1996:

The major drawbacks of the treaty are:

1. It does not contain any provisions for arbitration, unlike most other bilateral, multilateral agreements.

2. It does not deal with water quality or pollution.

3. It lacks any community involvement and does not take into account local contexts.

Bangladesh’s alleged plan to build a barrage in Bangladesh on the Ganges is becoming another contentious issue. Apparently, the project is to be completed by 2027 and the detailed project report is ready. India is concerned that this might aggravate the flood situation in India.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Change in mindsets and frameworks around transboundary rivers

2. Hierarchy of principles

3. Water security plans and involvement of communities:

4. Institutional architecture

5. Capacity building, access to data and resource literacy

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